Preliminary screening of pesticides used by farmers in North West Cameroon
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Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate pesticide use in farmers in Tubah, North West of Cameroon. The data collected would be valuable for pesticide policies to reduce the effects of pesticides on human health and the environment. This survey was carried out in November and December 2016 in Tubah Sub-Division, located in Mezam Division region of North West Cameroon. A survey was conducted on 120 homesteads of the area of the study. The results revealed that 80% of farmers were female. 59.2% had completed primary education whereas no tertiary education was reported among respondents. Insects were the major pests (67.5%) followed by fungi (19.2%), and finally rodents (11.7%). The commonly used pesticides were insecticides; however, herbicides were also used before planting. 19.2% of the farmers fed their livestock and poultry pesticide-treated crops. This study found that farmers in Bambili lacked knowledge in safe handling and use of pesticides. Training programs should be applied to minimize the adverse hazards of pesticides on human health and the environment.
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[1]
C. C. Nguemo, M. Tita, and M. A. Abdel-Wahhab, “Preliminary screening of pesticides used by farmers in North West Cameroon ”, Int.J.Halal.Res, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 48-55, Dec. 2019.
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References
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Cooper, J., Dobson, Η. (2007). The benefits of pesticides to mankind and the environment. Crop Protection, 26, 1337-1348.
Damalas, C.A., Georgiou, E.B., & Theodorou, M.G. (2006). Pesticide use and safety practices among Greek tobacco farmers: a survey. International Journal of Environment Health Reserch, 16, 339-348.
Dasgupta, S., Meisne, C., & Huq, M. (2007). A pinch or a pint? Evidence of pesticide overuse in Bangladesh. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 58, 91-114.
Del Prado-Lu, J.L. (2007). Pesticide exposure, risk factors and health problems among cutflower farmers: a cross sectional study. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 2:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-2-9.
Devi, P.I. (2009). Health risk perceptions, awareness and handling behaviour of pesticides by farm workers. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 22(23), 263-268.
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Hajjar, M.J. (2012). The persisted organic pesticides pollutant (POPs) in the Middle East Arab countries. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 3, 11-18.
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House, J.S., Kessler R.C., &. Herzog, A.R. (1990). Age, socioeconomic status, and health. The Milbank Quarterly, 68, 383-411.
Jensen, H.K., Konradsen, F., Jórs, E., Petersen, J.H., &. Dalsgaard, A. (2011). Pesticide use and self-reported symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning among aquatic farmers in phnom penh, Cambodia. Journal of Toxicology, Article ID 639814, 8 pages.
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Orozco, F.A., Cole, D. C., Forbes, G., Kroschel, J., Wanigaratne, S., & Arica, D. (2009). Monitoring adherence to the International Code of Conduct: highly hazardous pesticides in Central Andean agriculture and farmers’ rights to health. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 15(3), 255-268.
Pimentel, D. (2005). Environmental and economic cost of the application of pesticides primarily in the United States. Environment Development and Sustainability, 7, 229-252.
Ratta A. (1993). City women farm for food and cash. International Ag-Sieve, 6(2), 1-2.
Smit, Z.K., Indjic, D., Belic, S., & Miloradov, M. (2002). Effect of water quality on physical properties and biological activity of tank mix insecticide-fungicide spray. In: Paroussi, G., Voyiatzis, D., Paroussis, E., editors. Proceedings of the 2nd Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes, (579), 3001
Stadlinger, N., Mmochi, A.J., & Dobo, S. (2011). Pesticide use among smallholder rice farmers in Tanzania. Environment Development and Sustainability, 13, 641-656.
Stenzel, P.L. (1991). Right-to-know provisions of California‘s proposition 65: Naivete of the delaney clause revisited. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 15, 493-528.
Tilman, D., Cassman, K.G., Matson, P.A., Naylor, R., & Polasky, S. (2002). Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature, 418, 671-677.
Timbrell J.A. (1991). Principals of biochemical toxicology. Published by Taylor Francis Washington DC, (USA), 5-8.
Verger, P.J.P., & Boobis, A.R. (2013). Reevaluate pesticides for food security and safety. Science, 341, 717-718.
Webster J.P.G., Bowles R.G., & Williams N.T. (1999). Estimating the economic benefits of alternative pesticide usage scenarios: wheat production in the United Kingdom. Crop Protection, 18, 83-89.
Williams, D.R. (1990). Socioeconomic differentials in health: A review and redirection. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 81-99.
Wilson, C., & Tisdell, C. (2001). Why farmers continue to use pesticides despite environmental, health and sustainability costs? Ecological Economics, 39, 449-462.
Woodruff, T.J., Kyle, A.D., & Bois, F.Y. (1994). Evaluating health risks from occupational exposure to pesticides and the regulatory response. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(12), 1088-1096.
Baurdoux, M., Snelder, D., & De Snoo, G. (2004). Pesticides in the Cagayan valley (Philippines): usage, drift patters and exposure of farmers differing in income and market access. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 69(4), 765-778.
Ciesielski, S., Loomis, D.P., Mims, S.R., & Auer, A. (1994). Pesticide exposures, cholinesterase depression, and symptoms among North Carolina migrant farmworkers. American Journal of Public Health, 84(3), 446-451.
Cooper, J., Dobson, Η. (2007). The benefits of pesticides to mankind and the environment. Crop Protection, 26, 1337-1348.
Damalas, C.A., Georgiou, E.B., & Theodorou, M.G. (2006). Pesticide use and safety practices among Greek tobacco farmers: a survey. International Journal of Environment Health Reserch, 16, 339-348.
Dasgupta, S., Meisne, C., & Huq, M. (2007). A pinch or a pint? Evidence of pesticide overuse in Bangladesh. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 58, 91-114.
Del Prado-Lu, J.L. (2007). Pesticide exposure, risk factors and health problems among cutflower farmers: a cross sectional study. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 2:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-2-9.
Devi, P.I. (2009). Health risk perceptions, awareness and handling behaviour of pesticides by farm workers. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 22(23), 263-268.
Elizabeth, S. & Zira, D. (2009). Awareness and effectiveness of vegetable technology information packages by vegetable farmers in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture Research, 4(2), 65-70.
EPA. (2011). Pesticides industry. sales and usage 2006 and 2007: Market Estimates Archived 2015-03-18 at the Wayback Machine.
FAO. (2014). Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. [Online], 2014. Pesticides: Balancing Crop Protection and Responsible Use. Plant Production and Protection Division. FAO, Rome, Italyhttp://www.fao.or.jp/fileadmin/ contents/ publications/pub_FS_pesticides_low.pdf.
Focho, D.A., Newu, M.C., Anjah, M.G., Nwana, F.A., & Ambo, F.B. (2009). Ethnobotanical survey of trees in Fundong, Northwest Region, Cameroon. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5, 17-21.
Gay, L.R. (1992). Educational Research: Competences for analysis and application (3rd ed.) Paris: Merrill.
Grieshop, J.I. (1988). Protective clothing and equipment: Beliefs and behavior of pesticide users in Ecuador. Paper presented at the performance of protective clothing: 2nd symposium, ASTM STP 989, Philadelphia, PA.
Hajjar, M.J. (2012). The persisted organic pesticides pollutant (POPs) in the Middle East Arab countries. International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 3, 11-18.
Hashemi, S.M., & Damalas, C.A. (2011). Farmers' perceptions of pesticide efficacy: reflections on the importance of pest management practices adoption. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 35, 69-85.
House, J.S., Kessler R.C., &. Herzog, A.R. (1990). Age, socioeconomic status, and health. The Milbank Quarterly, 68, 383-411.
Jensen, H.K., Konradsen, F., Jórs, E., Petersen, J.H., &. Dalsgaard, A. (2011). Pesticide use and self-reported symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning among aquatic farmers in phnom penh, Cambodia. Journal of Toxicology, Article ID 639814, 8 pages.
Jones, E., Mabota, A., & Larson, D.W. (2009). Farmers' knowledge of health risks and protective gear associated with pesticide use on cotton in Mozambique. Journal of Developing Areas, 42, 267-282.
Khan, M., Mahmood, H.Z., & Damalas, C.A. (2015). Pesticide use and risk perceptions among farmers in the cotton belt of Punjab, Pakistan. Crop Protection, 67, 184-190.
Kumar R. (1991). La lutte contreles insectes ravageurs, la situation de l’agriculture africaine. CTA/Karthala Eds. Wageningen, Paris, 310 p
Litchfield, M.H. (2005). Estimates of acute pesticide poisoning in agricultural workers in less developed countries. Toxicology Review, 24, 271-278.
Lorenz, A.N., Prapamontol, T., Narksen, W., Srinual, N., Barr, D.B., & Riederer, A.M. (2012). Pilot study of pesticide knowledge, attitudes, and practices among pregnant women in Northern Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9, 3365-3383.
Mugenda O.M. & Mugenda A.G. (1999). Research methods. Quantitative and qualitative approach. pp 15-40 ACTS Press Nairobi, (Kenya).
Oerke, E.C., & Dehne, H.W. (2004). Safeguarding production-losses in major crops and the role of crop protection. Crop Protection, 23, 275-285.
Okello, J.J., & Swinton, S. M. (2011). International food safety standards and the use of pesticides in fresh export vegetable production in developing countries: implications for farmer health and the environment: In Pesticides-Formulations, Effects, Fate, M. Stoytcheva, Ed., InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp183-198.
Orozco, F.A., Cole, D. C., Forbes, G., Kroschel, J., Wanigaratne, S., & Arica, D. (2009). Monitoring adherence to the International Code of Conduct: highly hazardous pesticides in Central Andean agriculture and farmers’ rights to health. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 15(3), 255-268.
Pimentel, D. (2005). Environmental and economic cost of the application of pesticides primarily in the United States. Environment Development and Sustainability, 7, 229-252.
Ratta A. (1993). City women farm for food and cash. International Ag-Sieve, 6(2), 1-2.
Smit, Z.K., Indjic, D., Belic, S., & Miloradov, M. (2002). Effect of water quality on physical properties and biological activity of tank mix insecticide-fungicide spray. In: Paroussi, G., Voyiatzis, D., Paroussis, E., editors. Proceedings of the 2nd Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes, (579), 3001
Stadlinger, N., Mmochi, A.J., & Dobo, S. (2011). Pesticide use among smallholder rice farmers in Tanzania. Environment Development and Sustainability, 13, 641-656.
Stenzel, P.L. (1991). Right-to-know provisions of California‘s proposition 65: Naivete of the delaney clause revisited. Harvard Environmental Law Review, 15, 493-528.
Tilman, D., Cassman, K.G., Matson, P.A., Naylor, R., & Polasky, S. (2002). Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature, 418, 671-677.
Timbrell J.A. (1991). Principals of biochemical toxicology. Published by Taylor Francis Washington DC, (USA), 5-8.
Verger, P.J.P., & Boobis, A.R. (2013). Reevaluate pesticides for food security and safety. Science, 341, 717-718.
Webster J.P.G., Bowles R.G., & Williams N.T. (1999). Estimating the economic benefits of alternative pesticide usage scenarios: wheat production in the United Kingdom. Crop Protection, 18, 83-89.
Williams, D.R. (1990). Socioeconomic differentials in health: A review and redirection. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 81-99.
Wilson, C., & Tisdell, C. (2001). Why farmers continue to use pesticides despite environmental, health and sustainability costs? Ecological Economics, 39, 449-462.
Woodruff, T.J., Kyle, A.D., & Bois, F.Y. (1994). Evaluating health risks from occupational exposure to pesticides and the regulatory response. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(12), 1088-1096.