Methylene Blue Protects Against Acute Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Organ Damage
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Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) intake is an important global health problem which affects many organs such as the brain, liver and stomach. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of the redox dye methylene blue (MethyB) on oxidative stress and histologic damage to the liver, gastric mucosa, and brain induced high dose ethanol (EtOH). Male rats were treated with EtOH (2 ml/rat, 96%) via intragastric route (for two consecutive days). MethyB (20 or 40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was given immediately after EtOH administration. The control group received saline. Rats were euthanized three hours after the last treatment. Brain and liver levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) as well as brain 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) were determined. Histopathological assessment of brain, liver and gastric damage was done. Results indicated that compared to saline treated animals, EtOH caused significant increase in MDA, along with decreased GSH and PON-1 activity in brain and liver. Additionally, it significantly increased 5-LOX and decreased brain BChE activity. The EtOH group showed the presence of dead and red neurons, and damage of glial cells. The liver exhibited vacuolar degeneration, apoptotic hepatocytes and foci of necrosis. The gastric mucosa showed areas of tissue damage, mucosal atrophy, and loss of normal architecture of glandular cells. The EtOH induced biochemical and histopathological alterations were alleviated after treatment with MethyB at a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that MethyB is able to protect against from acute effects of EtOH on brain, liver and gastric tissue via an antioxidant action. MethyB might be of value in reducing tissue injury in acute EtOH intoxication.
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O. M. Abdel-Salam, E. R. Youness, F. A. Morsy, and A. A. Sleem, “Methylene Blue Protects Against Acute Ethanol-Induced Oxidative Stress and Organ Damage”, Int.J.Halal.Res, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 88-102, Sep. 2021.
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References
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Bradberry, S.M., 2003. Occupational methaemoglobinaemia: mechanisms of production, features, diagnosis and management including the use of methylene blue. Toxicol. Rev. 22(1), 13‒27. doi: 10.2165/00139709-200322010-00003.
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Eckerson, H.W., Wyte, C.M., La Du, B.N., 1983. The human serum paraoxonase/arylesterase polymorphism. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 35(6), 1126–1138.
Ellithey, M., El Awdan, S.A.W., Abdel Jaleel, G., Shaffie. N., Abdel-Salam O.M.E., 2019. Origanum majorana water extract protects against ethanol and indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage via decreasing oxidative stress and cytokine release. J. Basic. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 3(1), 19-28.
Ellman, G.L., 1959. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 82(1), 70–77.
Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Andres, V Jr., Feather-Stone, R.M., 1961. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol. 7, 88-95.
Elshennawy, A.T.M., Sayed, S.R., Saber, E.A., Rifaai, R.A., 2015. Histopathological and histochemical assessment of the protective effects of zinc on ethanol-induced acute hepatotoxicity in adult albino rats. J. Cytol. Histol. 6, 3. doi: 10.4172/2157-7099.1000321.
Fenn, A.M., Skendelas, J.P., Moussa, D.N., Muccigrosso, M.M., Popovich, P.G., Lifshitz, J., et al., 2015. Methylene blue attenuates traumatic brain injury-associated neuroinflammation and acute depressive-like behavior in mice. J. Neurotrauma. 32(2), 127-138. doi: 10.1089/neu.2014.3514.
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