Global View of Animal Feed in Halal Perspective
Main Article Content
Abstract
Islamic concept of food consumption for human beings is derived from the term Tayyib which depicts both food safety and quality. Unlike the humans, though animals are not bound to any code of practice, yet with reference to the food animals their diet seeks the attention of Islamic jurisprudence. Animal feed is the preliminary Halal control point in Halal food supply chain when the matter comes to the animal derived ingredients. This paper aims to put forth a global view of animal feed in Halal perspective by showcasing firstly the global scenario of feed industry, feed compositions, hazards, and regional regulations, secondly by highlighting the Halal and Tayyib integrity concerns over different feed compositions and addressing them through the global Halal standards and Islamic rulings issued by various Halal industry players. This research presents an interdisciplinary work of Islamic jurisprudence and feed science, which intertwines research on global feed compositions and the fundamental requirements of Halal and Haram jurisprudence. Animals are not the addressees of Quran and Sunnah; hence they are not bound to follow any code of religion. They are free to live and consume the way they like; in addition, Islam holds mankind responsible for their welfare and rights. Animal feed becomes an important subject for Islamic Jurisprudence only when the matter comes to the food animals. With reference to the food animals, animal feed is the preliminary control point of food supply chain, hence, it must be from halal source and must not cause harm to the human health.
Article Details
How to Cite
[1]
S. F. ur Rahim and M. A. Bin Masood, “Global View of Animal Feed in Halal Perspective”, Int.J.Halal.Res, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 45-57, Jun. 2023.
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Canadian Council on Animal Care, “CCAC guidelines on: The care and use of farm animals in research, teaching and testing,” 2009. [Online]. Available: https://www.ccac.ca/Documents/Standards/Guidelines/Farm_Animals.pdf.
D. Coffey, K. Dawson, P. Ferket, and A. Connolly, “Review of the feed industry from a historical perspective and implications for its future,” J. Appl. Anim. Nutr., vol. 4, 2016.
G. A. Malomo and N. E. Ihegwuagu, “Some aspects of animal feed sampling and analysis,” Ideas Appl. Towar. sample Prep. food beverage Anal. IntechOpen, London, pp. 77–93, 2017.
L. Lefferts, M. Kucharski, S. McKenzie, and P. Walker, “Feed for food producing animals: a resource on ingredients, the industry, and regulation,” Balt. MD Johns Hopkins Cent. a Livable Futur. Bloom. Sch. Public Heal., 2006.
PEFCR, “Feed for food producing animals,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/pdf/PEFCR_feed.pdf.
AAFCO, “Animal Feed Labeling Guide,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Publications/Feed_Labeling_Guide_web_complete.pdf.
R. W. Schoeff, F. J. Fairchild, B. Bursiek, and D. Castaldo, “History of the formula feed industry,” in Feed manufacturing technology V, 5th ed., E. K. Schofield, Ed. American Feed Industry Association, Arlington, VA, USA., 2005, pp. 2–11.
H. P. Armsby, , N.Y., pp. 312–315, 3rd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1908.
W. A. Henry, Feeds and Feeding. W.A. Henry, Madison, WS, USA., 1898.
J. Pederson, “Purina Mills, Inc. History: In International directory of company histories,” vol. 32. Detroit, Mich.: St. James Press., 2000.
IFIF, “International Feed Industry Federation Annual Report,” 2018.
Alltech, “7th Annual Global Feed Survey Summary. Alltech internal research report.,” 2018.
A. F. M. Association, “Chairman’s report 2018/2019,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.afma.co.za/download/chairmans-report-2018 19/?wpdmdl=6690&refresh=5e420b9d8cf1e1581386653.
Alltech, “Global Feed Survey Summary. Alltech internal research report,” 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.alltech.com/sites/default/files/global-feed-survey-2019.%0Apdf.
H. Hsu and M. Lopez, “China.” USDA, Washington, USA, 2000.
A. Feltenstein and J. Ha, “China-Animal feed sector study.”
National Statistics China, “China statistical yearbook. Chaine Statistics Press,” 2014.
I. Enting, B. Wang, X. Zhang, and G. Van Duinkerken, “The animal feed chain in China: opportunities to enhance quality and safety arrangements,” Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, 2010.
IBIS World, “Animal Food Manufacturing in China: Market Research Report,” 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.ibisworld.com/%0Aindustry/china/animal-food-manufacturing.html%0A.
F. Wan, “The Quest to feed China: First, feed the animals,” Forbes Magazine Inc, USA, Oct. 2014.
H. Cai, “Past and the future of the China feed industry: Presentation at Symposium, marking 20 years of Alltech in China, Beijing,” 2014.
L. Blaustein, “Hit us where it hurts: China’s ban on U.S. agricultural products grows,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.chinalawblog.com/2014/08/hit-us-where-it-hurts-chinas-ban-on-u-s-agriculturalproducts-grows.html.
P. Ferket and C. Stark, “Recent Developments in Feed Technology,” 2011.
A. R. Egan, “Animal Nutrition and Feed Science,” Engineering, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 586–587, 2017.
E. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and R. S. (ERS)., “The Formula Feed Manufacturing Industry,” 1988. .
S. V. Bhosale, M. P. Bhilave, and S. B. Nadaf, “Formulation of fish feed using ingredients from plant sources,” Res. J. Agric. Sci., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 284–287, 2010.
E. S. El-Tanboly and M. El-Hofi, “KHORSHID. Recovery of cheese whey, a by-product from the dairy industry for use as an animal feed,” J. Nutr. Heal. Food Eng, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 148–154, 2017.
A. R. Sapkota, L. Y. Lefferts, S. McKenzie, and P. Walker, “What do we feed to food-production animals? A review of animal feed ingredients and their potential impacts on human health,” Environ. Health Perspect., vol. 115, no. 5, pp. 663–670, 2007.
C. M. Benbrook, “Antibiotic drug use in US aquaculture,” Inst. Agric. Trade Policy Rep., vol. 2, 2002.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), “Aquaculture Feed and Fertilizer Resources Information System,” 2020. http://www.fao.org/fishery/affris/feed-and-feed-ingredient-standards/china-feed-and-feed-ingredient-standards/en/.
FDA, “Federal food, drug, and cosmetic act,” 2013. [Online]. Available: http://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/FDA_CMD.pdf.
IFIF, “International Feed Industry Federation Annual Report,” 2013.
American Feed Industry Asssociation, “U.S. Animal Food Consumption Report.,” 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.afia.org/pub/?id=49AB0CF7-F3ED-766D-F8F0-82EEB09179C8.
(USITC) U.S. International Trade Commission, “Industry & Trade Summary: Animal Feeds,” 2000. [Online]. Available: ftp://ftp.usitc.gov/pub/reports/studies/%0APUT3275.PDF), January 2000.
M. R. Taylor and J. S. Tick, “Post-market oversight of biotech foods,” Pew Initiat. food Biotechnol. Retrieved August, vol. 8, p. 2007, 2003.
NASS, “Crop Production: Acreage. Released June 30, 2005.,” 2005.
A. Irshad and B. D. Sharma, “Abattoir by-product utilization for sustainable meat industry: a review,” J. Anim. Prod. Adv., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 681–696, 2015.
FDA, “Compliance Policy Guide 7126.24: Rendered Animal Feed Ingredients”.” 1998, [Online]. Available: www.fda.gov/ora/compliance_ref/cpg/ cpgvet/cpg675-400.html.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) CVM, “Report on the Risk from Pentobarbital in Dog,” finalized March 1, 2002,” 2002. [Online]. Available: www.fda.gov/cvm/efoi/DFreport.doc.
I. (AAFCO). Association of American Feed Control Offcials, “Official Publication,” 2004.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), “Guidance for Industry 158: Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed.” 2003.
NGFA, “FDA’s BSE-Prevention Regulations for Feed and Feed Ingredients,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.ngfa.org/wp-content/uploads/NGFA-BSE-Prevention-Feed-Guidance.pdf.
C. Gill, “Annual Survey of Feed Plant Managers: Specialization on Rise, Consolidation Still at Work,” vol. 56, no. 1. Feed Management, 2005.
USDA, “Subcommittee on the United States’ Response to the Detection of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, of the Secretary’s Foreign Animal and Poultry Disease Advisory Committee: Report on Measures Relating to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in the United,” 2004. [Online]. Available: www.aphis.usda.gov/%0Alpa/issues/bse/BSE_tr_ban_ltr _enc_2.pdf.
I. (AAFCO). Association of American Feed Control Offcials, “Official Publication,” 2005.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), “Animal Disease Outbreaks Hit Global Meat Exports,” 2002. [Online]. Available: www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2004/37967/index.html.
A. G. J. Tacon and M. Metian, “Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects,” Aquaculture, vol. 285, no. 1–4, pp. 146–158, 2008.
J.-L. Audic, B. Chaufer, and G. Daufin, “Non-food applications of milk components and dairy co-products: A review,” Lait, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 417–438, 2003.
S. Bent, “Herbal medicine in the United States: review of efficacy, safety, and regulation,” J. Gen. Intern. Med., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 854–859, 2008.
H. Holmstrand et al., “Origin of PCDDs in ball clay assessed with compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis and radiocarbon dating,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 3730–3735, 2006.
I. (AAFCO). Association of American Feed Control Offcials, “Official Publication,” 2011.
J. C. Waller, “Byproducts and unusual feedstuffs,” Feedstuffs, vol. 9, pp. 18–22, 2010.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Compliance Policy Guide 7126.31, “The Use of Antibiotic Drug Residue By-Products in Animal Feed” (Sec. 682.200), issued 10/1/82.” 1982, [Online]. Available: www.fda.gov/ora/compliance_ref/cpg/cpgvet/cpg682-200.html.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Compliance Policy Guide 7126.41, “Direct-Fed Microbial Products”(Sec. 689.100), issued 5/2/88 and revised 3/95.” 1995, [Online]. Available: www.fda.gov/ora/compliance_ref/cpg/cpgvet/cpg689-100.html.
E. European Parliament and Council Regulation, “Regulation (EC) No 767/2009,” 2009. [Online]. Available: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2009/767/oj.
FEFAC, “Annual Report 2017-2018,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.fefac.eu/files/83625.pdf.
N. Naumova, A. Lukin, and V. Erlikh, “Quality and nutritional value of pasta products with added ground chia seeds,” 2017.
E. European Parliament and Council Regulation, “Legislation on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) and on related feed and food controls European Parliament resolution of 6 July 2011 on EU legislation on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) and on related feed and food controls -,” Off. J. Eur. Union, pp. 120–125, 2013, [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1582350631733&uri=CELEX:52011IP0328.
EC-1774/2002, “EC-1774/2002: Laying down rules for the prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.” 2002, [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32002R1774&from=EN.
Malaysian Feed-Millers Association, “Corn & animal feed & corn industry in Malaysia,” 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.doa.gov.my/index/resources/aktiviti_sumber/sumber_awam/penerbitan/kertas_pembentangan/seminar_jagung_bijian_2017/kertas_pembentangan13.pdf.
FAO, “Dairy Development in Pakistan,” 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.fao.org/3/al750e/al750e00.pdf.
SMEDA, “Prefeasibility study,” 2016.
PSQCA, “PS:233–2012 (4th Rev): Poultry Feed.” 2012, [Online]. Available: http://www.psqca.com.pk/cs/AGRICULTURE AND FOOD - 43/PS 233-2012 FOR Poultry Feed 4th Rev..pdf.
J. den Hartog, “Feed for food: HACCP in the animal feed industry,” Food Control, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 95–99, 2003.
R. P. J., S. J. Suhas, A. K.S., S. Gaurav, and M. E. Chala, “Contaminants and Toxins in Foods and Feeds,” ournal Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 82–89, 2016.
V. A. Bampidis, E. Nistor, and D. Nitas, “Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury as undesirable substances in animal feeds,” Sci. Pap. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 17–22, 2013.
R. J. van Barneveld, “Understanding the nutritional chemistry of lupin (Lupinus spp.) seed to improve livestock production efficiency,” Nutr. Res. Rev., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 203–230, 1999.
P. S. Mead et al., “Food-related illness and death in the United States.,” Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 5, no. 5, p. 607, 1999.
J. A. Crump, P. M. Griffin, and F. J. Angulo, “Bacterial contamination of animal feed and its relationship to human foodborne illness,” Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 859–865, 2002.
J. S. Jeffrey, J. H. Kirk, E. R. Atwill, and J. S. Cullor, “Prevalence of selected microbial pathogens in processed poultry waste used as dairy cattle feed,” Poult. Sci., vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 808–811, 1998.
E. Guchi, “Implication of aflatoxin contamination in agricultural products,” Am. J. Food Nutr., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 12–20, 2015.
J. R. Kana et al., “Assessment of aflatoxin contamination of maize, peanut meal and poultry feed mixtures from different agroecological zones in Cameroon,” Toxins (Basel)., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 884–894, 2013.
M. A. Abdel-Wahhab and A. M. Kholif, “Mycotoxins in animal feeds and prevention strategies: A review,” Asian J. Anim. Sci, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–25, 2008.
J. P. F. D Mello, “Contaminants and toxins in animal feeds,” FAO Anim. Prod. Heal. Pap., pp. 107–128, 2004.
I. M. Vasconcelos and J. T. A. Oliveira, “Antinutritional properties of plant lectins,” Toxicon, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 385–403, 2004.
S. Monbaliu, C. Van Peteghem, and S. De Saeger, “Detection and determination of natural toxins (mycotoxins and plant toxins) in feed,” in Animal Feed Contamination, Elsevier, 2012, pp. 286–325.
K. O. Soetan and O. E. Oyewole, “The need for adequate processing to reduce the antinutritional factors in plants used as human foods and animal feeds: A review,” African J. food Sci., vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 223–232, 2009.
R. J. Wallace, “Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites,” Proc. Nutr. Soc., vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 621–629, 2004.
C. L. Skutches, D. L. Herman, and F. H. Smith, “Effect of dietary free gossypol on blood components and tissue iron in swine and rats,” J. Nutr., vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 415–422, 1974.
V. A. Aletor, “Allelochemicals in plant foods and feedingstuffs: 1. Nutritional, biochemical and physiopathological aspects in animal production.,” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 57–67, 1993.
H. C. Jiao, N. N. Hou, M. J. Jiang, Z. G. Song, and H. Liu, “Effect of dietary free gossypol levels on liver gossypol accumulation, performance, and egg quality of laying hens,” Chin J Anim Nutr, vol. 27, pp. 3207–3217, 2015.
S. Kumar, A. K. Verma, M. Das, S. K. Jain, and P. D. Dwivedi, “Clinical complications of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) consumption,” Nutrition, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 821–827, 2013.
B. Glencross, “Understanding the nutritional and biological constraints of ingredients to optimize their application in aquaculture feeds,” in Aquafeed Formulation, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 33–73.
Å. Krogdahl, M. Penn, J. Thorsen, S. Refstie, and A. M. Bakke, “Important antinutrients in plant feedstuffs for aquaculture: an update on recent findings regarding responses in salmonids,” Aquac. Res., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 333–344, 2010.
M. K. Tripathi and A. S. Mishra, “Glucosinolates in animal nutrition: A review,” Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., vol. 132, no. 1–2, pp. 1–27, 2007.
I. M. C. M. Rietjens, M. J. Martena, M. G. Boersma, W. Spiegelenberg, and G. M. Alink, “Molecular mechanisms of toxicity of important food‐borne phytotoxins,” Mol. Nutr. Food Res., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 131–158, 2005.
P. Langer, “Naturally occurring food toxicants: goitrogens,” in Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, 2018, pp. 101–130.
C. Boujon, F. Serra, and T. Seuberlich, “Atypical variants of bovine spongiform encephalopathy: rare diseases with consequences for BSE surveillance and control,” Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, vol. 158, no. 3, pp. 171–177, 2016.
J. L. Colville and L. B. David, “Zoonotic diseases: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow disease.,” in Handbook of Zoonoses: Identification and Prevention, 2007, pp. 35–37.
R. Bradley, J. G. Collee, and P. P. Liberski, “Variant CJD (vCJD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): 10 and 20 years on: part 1.,” Folia Neuropathol., vol. 44, no. 2, 2006.
M. G. Doherr, A. Zurbriggen, A. R. Hett, J. Rüfenacht, and D. Heim, “Geographical clustering of cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) born in Switzerland after the feed ban,” Vet. Rec., vol. 151, no. 16, pp. 467–472, 2002.
P. G. Smith and R. Bradley, “Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its epidemiology,” Br. Med. Bull., vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 185–198, 2003.
J. F. Silva, J. J. Correia, J. Ribeiro, S. Carmo, and L. Orge, “Feline spongiform encephalopathy: first confirmed case reported in Portugal,” Cerebellum, vol. 3, p. x200, 2006.
U. K. Saha et al., “Common terms used in animal feeding and nutrition,” 2010.
Avitech, “Manufacturing A Quality Premix,” 2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/518/manufacturing-a-quality-premix/.
R. Schnepf, “US Livestock and poultry feed use and availability: Background and emerging issues.” Congressional Research Service, 2011.
C. Wenk, “Herbs and botanicals as feed additives in monogastric animals,” Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 282–289, 2003.
F. Gale, “Development of China’s feed industry and demand for imported commodities,” US Dep. Agric. FDS-15K-01. http//www. ers. usda. gov/publications/fdsfeed-outlook/fds-15k-01. aspx, 2015.
Canadian Government, “SOR/83-593: Feeds Regulations,” 1983. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-83-593/index.html (accessed Feb. 22, 2020).
Indian Government, “IS 2052: Compound Cattle Feed,” 2009. https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.2052.2009/page/n6/mode/2up.
Government of India, “IS 1374:2007: Indian standard for Poultry Feed,” 2007. https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S06/is.1374.2007.pdf (accessed Feb. 22, 2020).
D. Desilver and D. Masci, “World’s Muslim population more widespread than you might think,” Pew Res. Cent., vol. 31, 2017.
O. Rudgard, “Islam will be largest religion in the world by 2070, says report.” The Telegraph. Erişim, 2017.
S. F. U. Raheem and M. N. Demirci, “Assuring Tayyib from a food safety perspective in Halal food sector: a conceptual framework,” MOJ Food Process Technol, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 170–179, 2018.
E. R. Haapapuro, N. D. Barnard, and M. Simon, “Animal waste used as livestock feed: dangers to human health,” Prev. Med. (Baltim)., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 599–602, 1997.
M. Al Bukhari, Al-Adab-ul-Mufrid. Daar ul Tawqal Naijah, Beirut.
N. Hammad, B. I. al-H. al-Azhari, and N. Abu, Penggunaan bahan-bahan yang haram & najis di dalam makanan & ubat-ubatan. Al-hidayah Publishers, 2004.
A. A. Shah, Shariah Standards for Animal feed. SANHA Halal Associates Pakistan (Pvt)Ltd., 2018.
J. K. I. Malaysia., “Status KesucianIkanYang DiBeriMakananTidakHalal.” 2007.
J. M. Kerajaan, “MakanIkan yang DiberiMakanNajis,” in Isu-isuproduk halal, B. Penerbitan and Penerangan, Eds. Batu caves: Al-HidayahHouse of Publisher, Brunei, 2012, pp. 40–44.
M. Ibn-e-Mandhur, Lisan ul Arab. Beirut: Dar Kotob Ilmiyah (DKI), Lebanon.
N. Saidin and F. A. Rahman, “Halal Feed for Halal Food: An Exploratory Study of the Malaysian Legal and Regulatory Framework on Animal Feed,” in Contemporary Issues and Development in the Global Halal Industry, Springer, 2016, pp. 141–151.
Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, Encyclopaedia of Islamic Jurisprudence, 45th ed. Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, Kuwait, 2007.
M. bin‘Abd al al-Zurqani, “Baqi. Sharah al-Zurqani ‘ala Muwatta’al-Imam Malik.” Kaherah: Maktabah al-Thaqafah al-Diniyyah, 2003.
A.-Z. Wahbah, Al-Fiqh al-Islami WaAdillatuhu, 2nd ed. Dar al-Fikr, Damsyik, 1984.
A. Z. M. Nawawi, Al-Majmu’ Syarh al-Muhadhab li al-Syirazi. Jeddah: Maktabah al-Irsyad, 1990.
M. A. Al-Akiti, “Contaminated Animal Feed,” 2003. www.livingislam.org/maa/ca fj_e.html.
D. Coffey, K. Dawson, P. Ferket, and A. Connolly, “Review of the feed industry from a historical perspective and implications for its future,” J. Appl. Anim. Nutr., vol. 4, 2016.
G. A. Malomo and N. E. Ihegwuagu, “Some aspects of animal feed sampling and analysis,” Ideas Appl. Towar. sample Prep. food beverage Anal. IntechOpen, London, pp. 77–93, 2017.
L. Lefferts, M. Kucharski, S. McKenzie, and P. Walker, “Feed for food producing animals: a resource on ingredients, the industry, and regulation,” Balt. MD Johns Hopkins Cent. a Livable Futur. Bloom. Sch. Public Heal., 2006.
PEFCR, “Feed for food producing animals,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eussd/smgp/pdf/PEFCR_feed.pdf.
AAFCO, “Animal Feed Labeling Guide,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.aafco.org/Portals/0/SiteContent/Publications/Feed_Labeling_Guide_web_complete.pdf.
R. W. Schoeff, F. J. Fairchild, B. Bursiek, and D. Castaldo, “History of the formula feed industry,” in Feed manufacturing technology V, 5th ed., E. K. Schofield, Ed. American Feed Industry Association, Arlington, VA, USA., 2005, pp. 2–11.
H. P. Armsby, , N.Y., pp. 312–315, 3rd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 1908.
W. A. Henry, Feeds and Feeding. W.A. Henry, Madison, WS, USA., 1898.
J. Pederson, “Purina Mills, Inc. History: In International directory of company histories,” vol. 32. Detroit, Mich.: St. James Press., 2000.
IFIF, “International Feed Industry Federation Annual Report,” 2018.
Alltech, “7th Annual Global Feed Survey Summary. Alltech internal research report.,” 2018.
A. F. M. Association, “Chairman’s report 2018/2019,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.afma.co.za/download/chairmans-report-2018 19/?wpdmdl=6690&refresh=5e420b9d8cf1e1581386653.
Alltech, “Global Feed Survey Summary. Alltech internal research report,” 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.alltech.com/sites/default/files/global-feed-survey-2019.%0Apdf.
H. Hsu and M. Lopez, “China.” USDA, Washington, USA, 2000.
A. Feltenstein and J. Ha, “China-Animal feed sector study.”
National Statistics China, “China statistical yearbook. Chaine Statistics Press,” 2014.
I. Enting, B. Wang, X. Zhang, and G. Van Duinkerken, “The animal feed chain in China: opportunities to enhance quality and safety arrangements,” Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, 2010.
IBIS World, “Animal Food Manufacturing in China: Market Research Report,” 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.ibisworld.com/%0Aindustry/china/animal-food-manufacturing.html%0A.
F. Wan, “The Quest to feed China: First, feed the animals,” Forbes Magazine Inc, USA, Oct. 2014.
H. Cai, “Past and the future of the China feed industry: Presentation at Symposium, marking 20 years of Alltech in China, Beijing,” 2014.
L. Blaustein, “Hit us where it hurts: China’s ban on U.S. agricultural products grows,” 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.chinalawblog.com/2014/08/hit-us-where-it-hurts-chinas-ban-on-u-s-agriculturalproducts-grows.html.
P. Ferket and C. Stark, “Recent Developments in Feed Technology,” 2011.
A. R. Egan, “Animal Nutrition and Feed Science,” Engineering, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 586–587, 2017.
E. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and R. S. (ERS)., “The Formula Feed Manufacturing Industry,” 1988. .
S. V. Bhosale, M. P. Bhilave, and S. B. Nadaf, “Formulation of fish feed using ingredients from plant sources,” Res. J. Agric. Sci., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 284–287, 2010.
E. S. El-Tanboly and M. El-Hofi, “KHORSHID. Recovery of cheese whey, a by-product from the dairy industry for use as an animal feed,” J. Nutr. Heal. Food Eng, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 148–154, 2017.
A. R. Sapkota, L. Y. Lefferts, S. McKenzie, and P. Walker, “What do we feed to food-production animals? A review of animal feed ingredients and their potential impacts on human health,” Environ. Health Perspect., vol. 115, no. 5, pp. 663–670, 2007.
C. M. Benbrook, “Antibiotic drug use in US aquaculture,” Inst. Agric. Trade Policy Rep., vol. 2, 2002.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), “Aquaculture Feed and Fertilizer Resources Information System,” 2020. http://www.fao.org/fishery/affris/feed-and-feed-ingredient-standards/china-feed-and-feed-ingredient-standards/en/.
FDA, “Federal food, drug, and cosmetic act,” 2013. [Online]. Available: http://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/FDA_CMD.pdf.
IFIF, “International Feed Industry Federation Annual Report,” 2013.
American Feed Industry Asssociation, “U.S. Animal Food Consumption Report.,” 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.afia.org/pub/?id=49AB0CF7-F3ED-766D-F8F0-82EEB09179C8.
(USITC) U.S. International Trade Commission, “Industry & Trade Summary: Animal Feeds,” 2000. [Online]. Available: ftp://ftp.usitc.gov/pub/reports/studies/%0APUT3275.PDF), January 2000.
M. R. Taylor and J. S. Tick, “Post-market oversight of biotech foods,” Pew Initiat. food Biotechnol. Retrieved August, vol. 8, p. 2007, 2003.
NASS, “Crop Production: Acreage. Released June 30, 2005.,” 2005.
A. Irshad and B. D. Sharma, “Abattoir by-product utilization for sustainable meat industry: a review,” J. Anim. Prod. Adv., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 681–696, 2015.
FDA, “Compliance Policy Guide 7126.24: Rendered Animal Feed Ingredients”.” 1998, [Online]. Available: www.fda.gov/ora/compliance_ref/cpg/ cpgvet/cpg675-400.html.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) CVM, “Report on the Risk from Pentobarbital in Dog,” finalized March 1, 2002,” 2002. [Online]. Available: www.fda.gov/cvm/efoi/DFreport.doc.
I. (AAFCO). Association of American Feed Control Offcials, “Official Publication,” 2004.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), “Guidance for Industry 158: Use of Material From Deer and Elk in Animal Feed.” 2003.
NGFA, “FDA’s BSE-Prevention Regulations for Feed and Feed Ingredients,” 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.ngfa.org/wp-content/uploads/NGFA-BSE-Prevention-Feed-Guidance.pdf.
C. Gill, “Annual Survey of Feed Plant Managers: Specialization on Rise, Consolidation Still at Work,” vol. 56, no. 1. Feed Management, 2005.
USDA, “Subcommittee on the United States’ Response to the Detection of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, of the Secretary’s Foreign Animal and Poultry Disease Advisory Committee: Report on Measures Relating to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in the United,” 2004. [Online]. Available: www.aphis.usda.gov/%0Alpa/issues/bse/BSE_tr_ban_ltr _enc_2.pdf.
I. (AAFCO). Association of American Feed Control Offcials, “Official Publication,” 2005.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), “Animal Disease Outbreaks Hit Global Meat Exports,” 2002. [Online]. Available: www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2004/37967/index.html.
A. G. J. Tacon and M. Metian, “Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects,” Aquaculture, vol. 285, no. 1–4, pp. 146–158, 2008.
J.-L. Audic, B. Chaufer, and G. Daufin, “Non-food applications of milk components and dairy co-products: A review,” Lait, vol. 83, no. 6, pp. 417–438, 2003.
S. Bent, “Herbal medicine in the United States: review of efficacy, safety, and regulation,” J. Gen. Intern. Med., vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 854–859, 2008.
H. Holmstrand et al., “Origin of PCDDs in ball clay assessed with compound-specific chlorine isotope analysis and radiocarbon dating,” Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 3730–3735, 2006.
I. (AAFCO). Association of American Feed Control Offcials, “Official Publication,” 2011.
J. C. Waller, “Byproducts and unusual feedstuffs,” Feedstuffs, vol. 9, pp. 18–22, 2010.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Compliance Policy Guide 7126.31, “The Use of Antibiotic Drug Residue By-Products in Animal Feed” (Sec. 682.200), issued 10/1/82.” 1982, [Online]. Available: www.fda.gov/ora/compliance_ref/cpg/cpgvet/cpg682-200.html.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Compliance Policy Guide 7126.41, “Direct-Fed Microbial Products”(Sec. 689.100), issued 5/2/88 and revised 3/95.” 1995, [Online]. Available: www.fda.gov/ora/compliance_ref/cpg/cpgvet/cpg689-100.html.
E. European Parliament and Council Regulation, “Regulation (EC) No 767/2009,” 2009. [Online]. Available: http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2009/767/oj.
FEFAC, “Annual Report 2017-2018,” 2018. [Online]. Available: https://www.fefac.eu/files/83625.pdf.
N. Naumova, A. Lukin, and V. Erlikh, “Quality and nutritional value of pasta products with added ground chia seeds,” 2017.
E. European Parliament and Council Regulation, “Legislation on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) and on related feed and food controls European Parliament resolution of 6 July 2011 on EU legislation on Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE) and on related feed and food controls -,” Off. J. Eur. Union, pp. 120–125, 2013, [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1582350631733&uri=CELEX:52011IP0328.
EC-1774/2002, “EC-1774/2002: Laying down rules for the prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.” 2002, [Online]. Available: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32002R1774&from=EN.
Malaysian Feed-Millers Association, “Corn & animal feed & corn industry in Malaysia,” 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.doa.gov.my/index/resources/aktiviti_sumber/sumber_awam/penerbitan/kertas_pembentangan/seminar_jagung_bijian_2017/kertas_pembentangan13.pdf.
FAO, “Dairy Development in Pakistan,” 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.fao.org/3/al750e/al750e00.pdf.
SMEDA, “Prefeasibility study,” 2016.
PSQCA, “PS:233–2012 (4th Rev): Poultry Feed.” 2012, [Online]. Available: http://www.psqca.com.pk/cs/AGRICULTURE AND FOOD - 43/PS 233-2012 FOR Poultry Feed 4th Rev..pdf.
J. den Hartog, “Feed for food: HACCP in the animal feed industry,” Food Control, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 95–99, 2003.
R. P. J., S. J. Suhas, A. K.S., S. Gaurav, and M. E. Chala, “Contaminants and Toxins in Foods and Feeds,” ournal Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 82–89, 2016.
V. A. Bampidis, E. Nistor, and D. Nitas, “Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury as undesirable substances in animal feeds,” Sci. Pap. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 17–22, 2013.
R. J. van Barneveld, “Understanding the nutritional chemistry of lupin (Lupinus spp.) seed to improve livestock production efficiency,” Nutr. Res. Rev., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 203–230, 1999.
P. S. Mead et al., “Food-related illness and death in the United States.,” Emerg. Infect. Dis., vol. 5, no. 5, p. 607, 1999.
J. A. Crump, P. M. Griffin, and F. J. Angulo, “Bacterial contamination of animal feed and its relationship to human foodborne illness,” Clin. Infect. Dis., vol. 35, no. 7, pp. 859–865, 2002.
J. S. Jeffrey, J. H. Kirk, E. R. Atwill, and J. S. Cullor, “Prevalence of selected microbial pathogens in processed poultry waste used as dairy cattle feed,” Poult. Sci., vol. 77, no. 6, pp. 808–811, 1998.
E. Guchi, “Implication of aflatoxin contamination in agricultural products,” Am. J. Food Nutr., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 12–20, 2015.
J. R. Kana et al., “Assessment of aflatoxin contamination of maize, peanut meal and poultry feed mixtures from different agroecological zones in Cameroon,” Toxins (Basel)., vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 884–894, 2013.
M. A. Abdel-Wahhab and A. M. Kholif, “Mycotoxins in animal feeds and prevention strategies: A review,” Asian J. Anim. Sci, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–25, 2008.
J. P. F. D Mello, “Contaminants and toxins in animal feeds,” FAO Anim. Prod. Heal. Pap., pp. 107–128, 2004.
I. M. Vasconcelos and J. T. A. Oliveira, “Antinutritional properties of plant lectins,” Toxicon, vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 385–403, 2004.
S. Monbaliu, C. Van Peteghem, and S. De Saeger, “Detection and determination of natural toxins (mycotoxins and plant toxins) in feed,” in Animal Feed Contamination, Elsevier, 2012, pp. 286–325.
K. O. Soetan and O. E. Oyewole, “The need for adequate processing to reduce the antinutritional factors in plants used as human foods and animal feeds: A review,” African J. food Sci., vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 223–232, 2009.
R. J. Wallace, “Antimicrobial properties of plant secondary metabolites,” Proc. Nutr. Soc., vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 621–629, 2004.
C. L. Skutches, D. L. Herman, and F. H. Smith, “Effect of dietary free gossypol on blood components and tissue iron in swine and rats,” J. Nutr., vol. 104, no. 4, pp. 415–422, 1974.
V. A. Aletor, “Allelochemicals in plant foods and feedingstuffs: 1. Nutritional, biochemical and physiopathological aspects in animal production.,” Vet. Hum. Toxicol., vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 57–67, 1993.
H. C. Jiao, N. N. Hou, M. J. Jiang, Z. G. Song, and H. Liu, “Effect of dietary free gossypol levels on liver gossypol accumulation, performance, and egg quality of laying hens,” Chin J Anim Nutr, vol. 27, pp. 3207–3217, 2015.
S. Kumar, A. K. Verma, M. Das, S. K. Jain, and P. D. Dwivedi, “Clinical complications of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) consumption,” Nutrition, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 821–827, 2013.
B. Glencross, “Understanding the nutritional and biological constraints of ingredients to optimize their application in aquaculture feeds,” in Aquafeed Formulation, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 33–73.
Å. Krogdahl, M. Penn, J. Thorsen, S. Refstie, and A. M. Bakke, “Important antinutrients in plant feedstuffs for aquaculture: an update on recent findings regarding responses in salmonids,” Aquac. Res., vol. 41, no. 3, pp. 333–344, 2010.
M. K. Tripathi and A. S. Mishra, “Glucosinolates in animal nutrition: A review,” Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., vol. 132, no. 1–2, pp. 1–27, 2007.
I. M. C. M. Rietjens, M. J. Martena, M. G. Boersma, W. Spiegelenberg, and G. M. Alink, “Molecular mechanisms of toxicity of important food‐borne phytotoxins,” Mol. Nutr. Food Res., vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 131–158, 2005.
P. Langer, “Naturally occurring food toxicants: goitrogens,” in Handbook of Naturally Occurring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, 2018, pp. 101–130.
C. Boujon, F. Serra, and T. Seuberlich, “Atypical variants of bovine spongiform encephalopathy: rare diseases with consequences for BSE surveillance and control,” Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, vol. 158, no. 3, pp. 171–177, 2016.
J. L. Colville and L. B. David, “Zoonotic diseases: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow disease.,” in Handbook of Zoonoses: Identification and Prevention, 2007, pp. 35–37.
R. Bradley, J. G. Collee, and P. P. Liberski, “Variant CJD (vCJD) and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): 10 and 20 years on: part 1.,” Folia Neuropathol., vol. 44, no. 2, 2006.
M. G. Doherr, A. Zurbriggen, A. R. Hett, J. Rüfenacht, and D. Heim, “Geographical clustering of cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) born in Switzerland after the feed ban,” Vet. Rec., vol. 151, no. 16, pp. 467–472, 2002.
P. G. Smith and R. Bradley, “Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and its epidemiology,” Br. Med. Bull., vol. 66, no. 1, pp. 185–198, 2003.
J. F. Silva, J. J. Correia, J. Ribeiro, S. Carmo, and L. Orge, “Feline spongiform encephalopathy: first confirmed case reported in Portugal,” Cerebellum, vol. 3, p. x200, 2006.
U. K. Saha et al., “Common terms used in animal feeding and nutrition,” 2010.
Avitech, “Manufacturing A Quality Premix,” 2006. [Online]. Available: http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/518/manufacturing-a-quality-premix/.
R. Schnepf, “US Livestock and poultry feed use and availability: Background and emerging issues.” Congressional Research Service, 2011.
C. Wenk, “Herbs and botanicals as feed additives in monogastric animals,” Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 282–289, 2003.
F. Gale, “Development of China’s feed industry and demand for imported commodities,” US Dep. Agric. FDS-15K-01. http//www. ers. usda. gov/publications/fdsfeed-outlook/fds-15k-01. aspx, 2015.
Canadian Government, “SOR/83-593: Feeds Regulations,” 1983. https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-83-593/index.html (accessed Feb. 22, 2020).
Indian Government, “IS 2052: Compound Cattle Feed,” 2009. https://archive.org/details/gov.in.is.2052.2009/page/n6/mode/2up.
Government of India, “IS 1374:2007: Indian standard for Poultry Feed,” 2007. https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S06/is.1374.2007.pdf (accessed Feb. 22, 2020).
D. Desilver and D. Masci, “World’s Muslim population more widespread than you might think,” Pew Res. Cent., vol. 31, 2017.
O. Rudgard, “Islam will be largest religion in the world by 2070, says report.” The Telegraph. Erişim, 2017.
S. F. U. Raheem and M. N. Demirci, “Assuring Tayyib from a food safety perspective in Halal food sector: a conceptual framework,” MOJ Food Process Technol, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 170–179, 2018.
E. R. Haapapuro, N. D. Barnard, and M. Simon, “Animal waste used as livestock feed: dangers to human health,” Prev. Med. (Baltim)., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 599–602, 1997.
M. Al Bukhari, Al-Adab-ul-Mufrid. Daar ul Tawqal Naijah, Beirut.
N. Hammad, B. I. al-H. al-Azhari, and N. Abu, Penggunaan bahan-bahan yang haram & najis di dalam makanan & ubat-ubatan. Al-hidayah Publishers, 2004.
A. A. Shah, Shariah Standards for Animal feed. SANHA Halal Associates Pakistan (Pvt)Ltd., 2018.
J. K. I. Malaysia., “Status KesucianIkanYang DiBeriMakananTidakHalal.” 2007.
J. M. Kerajaan, “MakanIkan yang DiberiMakanNajis,” in Isu-isuproduk halal, B. Penerbitan and Penerangan, Eds. Batu caves: Al-HidayahHouse of Publisher, Brunei, 2012, pp. 40–44.
M. Ibn-e-Mandhur, Lisan ul Arab. Beirut: Dar Kotob Ilmiyah (DKI), Lebanon.
N. Saidin and F. A. Rahman, “Halal Feed for Halal Food: An Exploratory Study of the Malaysian Legal and Regulatory Framework on Animal Feed,” in Contemporary Issues and Development in the Global Halal Industry, Springer, 2016, pp. 141–151.
Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, Encyclopaedia of Islamic Jurisprudence, 45th ed. Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, Kuwait, 2007.
M. bin‘Abd al al-Zurqani, “Baqi. Sharah al-Zurqani ‘ala Muwatta’al-Imam Malik.” Kaherah: Maktabah al-Thaqafah al-Diniyyah, 2003.
A.-Z. Wahbah, Al-Fiqh al-Islami WaAdillatuhu, 2nd ed. Dar al-Fikr, Damsyik, 1984.
A. Z. M. Nawawi, Al-Majmu’ Syarh al-Muhadhab li al-Syirazi. Jeddah: Maktabah al-Irsyad, 1990.
M. A. Al-Akiti, “Contaminated Animal Feed,” 2003. www.livingislam.org/maa/ca fj_e.html.