Enzyme Aided Processing of Oil
Main Article Content
Abstract
Enzyme aided process (EAP) has been identified as a viable alternative for oil extraction. This paper reviews the recent trends in EAP of soybeans during degumming, transesterification, oil extraction, and demulsification. The “common protease effect” and the degree of demulsification of oil was also examined. EAP has improved overall oil yield to about 90% and high oil quality. EAP oils have high tocopherol content, decreased turbidity, higher color index, better oxidative stability, and drastic reduction in residual phosphorus content of oils thus contributing to enhanced oil quality. We conceptualize “Common enzyme effect” as the reason for degree of demulsification (oDem) occurring during enzyme aided extraction. The equation for rate of change of oDem have also been proposed. Few studies on simultaneous EAP have shown the efficacy of multifunctional enzyme to enhance oil recovery and quality. The use of immobilized enzyme has also received less attention, though, could potentially reduce EAP cost.
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[1]
I. Bello, N. Rasaq, A. Adeniyi, and A. Hammed, “Enzyme Aided Processing of Oil”, Int.J.Halal.Res, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 60-72, Sep. 2021.
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References
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Sharma, A., S. Khare & M. Gupta. 2002. Enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of peanut oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 79(3), p. 215-218.
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Wu, J., L. Johnson & S. Jung. 2009. Demulsification of oil-rich emulsion from enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of extruded soybean flakes. Bioresource Technology, 100(2), p. 527-533.
Campbell, K. & C.E. Glatz. 2009. Mechanisms of aqueous extraction of soybean oil. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 57(22), p. 10904-10912.
Rosenthal, A., D. Pyle & K. Niranjan. 1996. Aqueous and enzymatic processes for edible oil extraction. Enzyme and microbial technology, 19(6), p. 402-420.
Di Giovacchino, L. 1991. The use of enzymes in the extraction of olive oil in Italy: results and prospects. Revue Francaise des Corps Gras (France).
Rosenthal, A., D. Pyle & K. Niranjan. 1998. Simultaneous aqueous extraction of oil and protein from soybean: mechanisms for process design. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 76(4), p. 224-230.
Jiang, X., M. Chang, Q. Jin & X. Wang. 2015. Application of phospholipase A1 and phospholipase C in the degumming process of different kinds of crude oils. Process Biochemistry, 50(3), p. 432-437.
Lamas, D.L., G.H. Crapiste & D.T. Constenla. 2014. Changes in quality and composition of sunflower oil during enzymatic degumming process. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 58(1), p. 71-76.
More, N.S. & P.R. Gogate. 2018. Intensified degumming of crude soybean oil using cavitational reactors. Journal of Food Engineering, 218, p. 33-43.
Jiang, F.y., J.m. Wang, L.c. Ju, I. Kaleem, D.z. Dai & C. Li. 2011. Optimization of degumming process for soybean oil by phospholipase B. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 86(8), p. 1081-1087.
Jahani, M., M. Alizadeh, M. Pirozifard & A. Qudsevali. 2008. Optimization of enzymatic degumming process for rice bran oil using response surface methodology. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 41(10), p. 1892-1898.
Dijkstra, A.J. 2010. Enzymatic degumming. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 112(11), p. 1178-1189.
Singh, D., M. Rezac & P. Pfromm. 2009. Partial hydrogenation of soybean oil with minimal trans fat production using a Pt‐decorated polymeric membrane reactor. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 86(1), p. 93.
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Wang, Y.-h., B. Yang, J.-g. Yang, Y.-p. Zeng & Y. Liu. 2004. Enzymatic degumming of rice bran oil by a novel phospholipase [J]. China Oils and Fats, 12.
Prabhaharan, M. & S. Rakshit. 2011. Optimize the condition for enzymatic degumming of crude soybean oil. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension, 12(2).
Zufarov, O., Š. Schmidt & S. Sekretár. 2008. Degumming of rapeseed and sunflower oils. Acta Chimica Slovaca, 1(1), p. 321-328.
Fang, X., X. Fei, H. Sun & Y. Jin. 2016. Aqueous enzymatic extraction and demulsification of camellia seed oil (Camellia oleifera Abel.) and the oil's physicochemical properties. European journal of lipid science and technology, 118(2), p. 244-251.
Abed, S., N. Abdurahman, R. Yunus, H. Abdulbari & S. Akbari. Oil emulsions and the different recent demulsification techniques in the petroleum industry-A review. in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019. IOP Publishing.
Kruglyakov, P.M., Hydrophile-lipophile balance of surfactants and solid particles: physicochemical aspects and applications. 2000: Elsevier.
Tsai, Y.-T., H.-m. Lin & M.-J. Lee. 2013. Biodiesel production with continuous supercritical process: non-catalytic transesterification and esterification with or without carbon dioxide. Bioresource technology, 145, p. 362-369.
Ma, F. & M.A. Hanna. 1999. Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresource technology, 70(1), p. 1-15.
Luković, N., Z. Knežević-Jugović & D. Bezbradica. 2011. Biodiesel fuel production by enzymatic transesterification of oils: recent trends, challenges and future perspectives. Alternative fuel, 1.
Ghaly, A., D. Dave, M. Brooks & S. Budge. 2010. Production of biodiesel by enzymatic transesterification. Am J Biochem Biotechnol, 6(2), p. 54-76.
Koh, M.Y. & T.I.M. Ghazi. 2011. A review of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(5), p. 2240-2251.
Szybist, J.P., J. Song, M. Alam & A.L. Boehman. 2007. Biodiesel combustion, emissions and emission control. Fuel processing technology, 88(7), p. 679-691.
Encinar, J., J. Gonzalez, A. Pardal & G. Martinez. 2010. Rape oil transesterification over heterogeneous catalysts. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(11), p. 1530-1536.
Latif, S., L.L. Diosady & F. Anwar. 2008. Enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of oil and protein from canola (Brassica napus L.) seeds. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 110(10), p. 887-892.
Moreau, R.A., D.B. Johnston, M.J. Powell & K.B. Hicks. 2004. A comparison of commercial enzymes for the aqueous enzymatic extraction of corn oil from corn germ. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 81(11), p. 1071-1075.
Abdulkarim, S., O. Lai, S. Muhammad, K. Long & H. Ghazali. 2006. Use of enzymes to enhance oil recovery during aqueous extraction of Moringa oleifera seed oil. Journal of food lipids, 13(2), p. 113-130.
Zhang, S.B., Z. Wang & S.Y. Xu. 2007. Optimization of the aqueous enzymatic extraction of rapeseed oil and protein hydrolysates. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 84(1), p. 97-105.
Latif, S. & F. Anwar. 2011. Aqueous enzymatic sesame oil and protein extraction. Food chemistry, 125(2), p. 679-684.
De Moura, J., D. Maurer, S. Jung & L. Johnson. 2011. Integrated countercurrent two-stage extraction and cream demulsification in enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybeans. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 88(7), p. 1045-1051.
Jung, S. & A.A. Mahfuz. 2009. Low temperature dry extrusion and high-pressure processing prior to enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of full fat soybean flakes. Food Chemistry, 114(3), p. 947-954.
Zhang, S.B. & Q.Y. Lu. 2015. Characterizing the structural and surface properties of proteins isolated before and after enzymatic demulsification of the aqueous extract emulsion of peanut seeds. Food Hydrocolloids, 47, p. 51-60.
Lai, C.C., S. Zullaikah, S.R. Vali & Y.H. Ju. 2005. Lipase‐catalyzed production of biodiesel from rice bran oil. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology: International Research in Process, Environmental & Clean Technology, 80(3), p. 331-337.
FG Dias, F., N.M. de Almeida, T. SP de Souza, A.Y. Taha & J.M. LN de Moura Bell. 2020. Characterization and Demulsification of the Oil-Rich Emulsion from the Aqueous Extraction Process of Almond Flour. Processes, 8(10), p. 1228.
de Almeida, N.M., F. FG Dias, M.I. Rodrigues & J.M. LN de Moura Bell. 2019. Effects of Processing Conditions on the Simultaneous Extraction and Distribution of Oil and Protein from Almond Flour. Processes, 7(11), p. 844.
Chabrand, R.M. & C.E. Glatz. 2009. Destabilization of the emulsion formed during the enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oil from soybean flour. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 45(1), p. 28-35.
Fang, X. & R.A. Moreau. 2014. Extraction and demulsification of oil from wheat germ, barley germ, and rice bran using an aqueous enzymatic method. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 91(7), p. 1261-1268.
Chakrabarti, P.P., et al., Process for the pre-treatment of vegetable oils for physical refining. 2009, Google Patents.
Yu, D., Y. Ma, L. Jiang, W. Elfalleh, M. Shi & L. Hu. 2013. Optimization of magnetic immobilized phospholipase A 1 degumming process for soybean oil using response surface methodology. European Food Research and Technology, 237(5), p. 811-817.
Qu, Y., et al. 2016. Enzymatic degumming of soybean oil with magnetic immobilized phospholipase A2. LWT, 73, p. 290-295.
Jiang, X., M. Chang, Q. Jin & X. Wang. 2015. Optimization of the degumming process for camellia oil by the use of phospholipase C in pilot-scale system. Journal of food science and technology, 52(6), p. 3634-3644.
Lamas, D.L., D.T. Constenla & D. Raab. 2016. Effect of degumming process on physicochemical properties of sunflower oil. Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology, 6, p. 138-143.
Marchetti, J., V. Miguel & A. Errazu. 2007. Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 11(6), p. 1300-1311.
Perez, G., Analysis of enzymatic alcoholisis reaction with vegetables oils (Master thesis). 2003, February.
Shimada, Y., Y. Watanabe, A. Sugihara & Y. Tominaga. 2002. Enzymatic alcoholysis for biodiesel fuel production and application of the reaction to oil processing. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 17(3-5), p. 133-142.
Zhang, S.B., X.J. Liu, Q.Y. Lu, Z.W. Wang & X. Zhao. 2013. Enzymatic demulsification of the oil-rich emulsion obtained by aqueous extraction of peanut seeds. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 90(8), p. 1261-1270.
Hasun, F., H. Tanjung, S.K. Wiryono & M.A. Choudhury. 2021. The Framework of Food Security and The Food Security Ecosystem: Tawhidi Perspective. International Journal of Halal Research, 3(1), p. 42-59.
Najafian, L., A. Ghodsvali, M.H. Khodaparast & L. Diosady. 2009. Aqueous extraction of virgin olive oil using industrial enzymes. Food Research International, 42(1), p. 171-175.
Sharma, A., S. Khare & M. Gupta. 2002. Enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of peanut oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 79(3), p. 215-218.
Gandhi, A., K. Jha, S. Khare & N. Ali. Status of soymeal production and its utilization for human food in india. in Souvenir SOPA convention, Indore, India. 1992.
Campbell, K., C. Glatz, L. Johnson, S. Jung, J. De Moura, V. Kapchie & P. Murphy. 2011. Advances in aqueous extraction processing of soybeans. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 88(4), p. 449-465.
Wu, J., L. Johnson & S. Jung. 2009. Demulsification of oil-rich emulsion from enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of extruded soybean flakes. Bioresource Technology, 100(2), p. 527-533.
Campbell, K. & C.E. Glatz. 2009. Mechanisms of aqueous extraction of soybean oil. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 57(22), p. 10904-10912.
Rosenthal, A., D. Pyle & K. Niranjan. 1996. Aqueous and enzymatic processes for edible oil extraction. Enzyme and microbial technology, 19(6), p. 402-420.
Di Giovacchino, L. 1991. The use of enzymes in the extraction of olive oil in Italy: results and prospects. Revue Francaise des Corps Gras (France).
Rosenthal, A., D. Pyle & K. Niranjan. 1998. Simultaneous aqueous extraction of oil and protein from soybean: mechanisms for process design. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 76(4), p. 224-230.
Jiang, X., M. Chang, Q. Jin & X. Wang. 2015. Application of phospholipase A1 and phospholipase C in the degumming process of different kinds of crude oils. Process Biochemistry, 50(3), p. 432-437.
Lamas, D.L., G.H. Crapiste & D.T. Constenla. 2014. Changes in quality and composition of sunflower oil during enzymatic degumming process. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 58(1), p. 71-76.
More, N.S. & P.R. Gogate. 2018. Intensified degumming of crude soybean oil using cavitational reactors. Journal of Food Engineering, 218, p. 33-43.
Jiang, F.y., J.m. Wang, L.c. Ju, I. Kaleem, D.z. Dai & C. Li. 2011. Optimization of degumming process for soybean oil by phospholipase B. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 86(8), p. 1081-1087.
Jahani, M., M. Alizadeh, M. Pirozifard & A. Qudsevali. 2008. Optimization of enzymatic degumming process for rice bran oil using response surface methodology. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 41(10), p. 1892-1898.
Dijkstra, A.J. 2010. Enzymatic degumming. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 112(11), p. 1178-1189.
Singh, D., M. Rezac & P. Pfromm. 2009. Partial hydrogenation of soybean oil with minimal trans fat production using a Pt‐decorated polymeric membrane reactor. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 86(1), p. 93.
Liu, K.-T., S. Gao, T.-W. Chung, C.-m. Huang & Y.-S. Lin. 2012. Effect of process conditions on the removal of phospholipids from Jatropha curcas oil during the degumming process. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 90(9), p. 1381-1386.
Wang, Y.-h., B. Yang, J.-g. Yang, Y.-p. Zeng & Y. Liu. 2004. Enzymatic degumming of rice bran oil by a novel phospholipase [J]. China Oils and Fats, 12.
Prabhaharan, M. & S. Rakshit. 2011. Optimize the condition for enzymatic degumming of crude soybean oil. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension, 12(2).
Zufarov, O., Š. Schmidt & S. Sekretár. 2008. Degumming of rapeseed and sunflower oils. Acta Chimica Slovaca, 1(1), p. 321-328.
Fang, X., X. Fei, H. Sun & Y. Jin. 2016. Aqueous enzymatic extraction and demulsification of camellia seed oil (Camellia oleifera Abel.) and the oil's physicochemical properties. European journal of lipid science and technology, 118(2), p. 244-251.
Abed, S., N. Abdurahman, R. Yunus, H. Abdulbari & S. Akbari. Oil emulsions and the different recent demulsification techniques in the petroleum industry-A review. in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019. IOP Publishing.
Kruglyakov, P.M., Hydrophile-lipophile balance of surfactants and solid particles: physicochemical aspects and applications. 2000: Elsevier.
Tsai, Y.-T., H.-m. Lin & M.-J. Lee. 2013. Biodiesel production with continuous supercritical process: non-catalytic transesterification and esterification with or without carbon dioxide. Bioresource technology, 145, p. 362-369.
Ma, F. & M.A. Hanna. 1999. Biodiesel production: a review. Bioresource technology, 70(1), p. 1-15.
Luković, N., Z. Knežević-Jugović & D. Bezbradica. 2011. Biodiesel fuel production by enzymatic transesterification of oils: recent trends, challenges and future perspectives. Alternative fuel, 1.
Ghaly, A., D. Dave, M. Brooks & S. Budge. 2010. Production of biodiesel by enzymatic transesterification. Am J Biochem Biotechnol, 6(2), p. 54-76.
Koh, M.Y. & T.I.M. Ghazi. 2011. A review of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 15(5), p. 2240-2251.
Szybist, J.P., J. Song, M. Alam & A.L. Boehman. 2007. Biodiesel combustion, emissions and emission control. Fuel processing technology, 88(7), p. 679-691.
Encinar, J., J. Gonzalez, A. Pardal & G. Martinez. 2010. Rape oil transesterification over heterogeneous catalysts. Fuel Processing Technology, 91(11), p. 1530-1536.
Latif, S., L.L. Diosady & F. Anwar. 2008. Enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of oil and protein from canola (Brassica napus L.) seeds. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 110(10), p. 887-892.
Moreau, R.A., D.B. Johnston, M.J. Powell & K.B. Hicks. 2004. A comparison of commercial enzymes for the aqueous enzymatic extraction of corn oil from corn germ. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 81(11), p. 1071-1075.
Abdulkarim, S., O. Lai, S. Muhammad, K. Long & H. Ghazali. 2006. Use of enzymes to enhance oil recovery during aqueous extraction of Moringa oleifera seed oil. Journal of food lipids, 13(2), p. 113-130.
Zhang, S.B., Z. Wang & S.Y. Xu. 2007. Optimization of the aqueous enzymatic extraction of rapeseed oil and protein hydrolysates. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 84(1), p. 97-105.
Latif, S. & F. Anwar. 2011. Aqueous enzymatic sesame oil and protein extraction. Food chemistry, 125(2), p. 679-684.
De Moura, J., D. Maurer, S. Jung & L. Johnson. 2011. Integrated countercurrent two-stage extraction and cream demulsification in enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of soybeans. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 88(7), p. 1045-1051.
Jung, S. & A.A. Mahfuz. 2009. Low temperature dry extrusion and high-pressure processing prior to enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of full fat soybean flakes. Food Chemistry, 114(3), p. 947-954.
Zhang, S.B. & Q.Y. Lu. 2015. Characterizing the structural and surface properties of proteins isolated before and after enzymatic demulsification of the aqueous extract emulsion of peanut seeds. Food Hydrocolloids, 47, p. 51-60.
Lai, C.C., S. Zullaikah, S.R. Vali & Y.H. Ju. 2005. Lipase‐catalyzed production of biodiesel from rice bran oil. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology: International Research in Process, Environmental & Clean Technology, 80(3), p. 331-337.
FG Dias, F., N.M. de Almeida, T. SP de Souza, A.Y. Taha & J.M. LN de Moura Bell. 2020. Characterization and Demulsification of the Oil-Rich Emulsion from the Aqueous Extraction Process of Almond Flour. Processes, 8(10), p. 1228.
de Almeida, N.M., F. FG Dias, M.I. Rodrigues & J.M. LN de Moura Bell. 2019. Effects of Processing Conditions on the Simultaneous Extraction and Distribution of Oil and Protein from Almond Flour. Processes, 7(11), p. 844.
Chabrand, R.M. & C.E. Glatz. 2009. Destabilization of the emulsion formed during the enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oil from soybean flour. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 45(1), p. 28-35.
Fang, X. & R.A. Moreau. 2014. Extraction and demulsification of oil from wheat germ, barley germ, and rice bran using an aqueous enzymatic method. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 91(7), p. 1261-1268.
Chakrabarti, P.P., et al., Process for the pre-treatment of vegetable oils for physical refining. 2009, Google Patents.
Yu, D., Y. Ma, L. Jiang, W. Elfalleh, M. Shi & L. Hu. 2013. Optimization of magnetic immobilized phospholipase A 1 degumming process for soybean oil using response surface methodology. European Food Research and Technology, 237(5), p. 811-817.
Qu, Y., et al. 2016. Enzymatic degumming of soybean oil with magnetic immobilized phospholipase A2. LWT, 73, p. 290-295.
Jiang, X., M. Chang, Q. Jin & X. Wang. 2015. Optimization of the degumming process for camellia oil by the use of phospholipase C in pilot-scale system. Journal of food science and technology, 52(6), p. 3634-3644.
Lamas, D.L., D.T. Constenla & D. Raab. 2016. Effect of degumming process on physicochemical properties of sunflower oil. Biocatalysis and agricultural biotechnology, 6, p. 138-143.
Marchetti, J., V. Miguel & A. Errazu. 2007. Possible methods for biodiesel production. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews, 11(6), p. 1300-1311.
Perez, G., Analysis of enzymatic alcoholisis reaction with vegetables oils (Master thesis). 2003, February.
Shimada, Y., Y. Watanabe, A. Sugihara & Y. Tominaga. 2002. Enzymatic alcoholysis for biodiesel fuel production and application of the reaction to oil processing. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 17(3-5), p. 133-142.
Zhang, S.B., X.J. Liu, Q.Y. Lu, Z.W. Wang & X. Zhao. 2013. Enzymatic demulsification of the oil-rich emulsion obtained by aqueous extraction of peanut seeds. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 90(8), p. 1261-1270.